马身体部位中英文对照详解【二】
原创： 马语狗说
前肢管骨（front cannon bone）：支撑从球节到膝盖的骨头是管骨，在管骨旁有一个小小的赘骨（splint bone），大部分轻型马的管骨周长大于8英寸。
This bone extends from beneath the structures of the knee to the fetlock joint below. Along the cannon bone runs a smaller bone, called the splint bone. In most light horse breeds a cannon bone circumference that is greater than 8 inches is desirable.
球节（Fetlock Joint）：球节位于管骨和系部之间，在球节处还有块叫籽软骨（sesamoid）的骨头。
The fetlock is formed by the joint between the cannon bone and the pastern bone. At the back of the fetlock lies a small bone called the sesamoid.
球节很容易受伤，所以在日常训练和比赛中需给马打绑腿保护球节。
The fetlock is prone to strain and injury.
系部（pastern）：系部位于球节下方，由两块骨头组成。位于上方的骨头比下方的长，且下方的骨头延伸至马蹄里。
The pastern is made up of two bones that extend downwards from the fetlock. The upper bone is longer and the shorter lower bone extends into the hoof where it joins to the pedal bone inside.
马系部的角度和长度决定了马的浪是否大。系部较长的马浪小但不能做过多工作；系部短的马强壮但浪大。
The angle and length of the pastern is important to strength and smoothness of gaits. Too long a pastern, while providing supple shock absorbency for a smooth ride, may not stand up to hard work. A short pastern will be strong but the horse’s gaits may be choppier.
背部（back）：从肩隆到腰部的区域为背部。支持背部的骨骼为像鱼鳍似的脊椎骨，两侧有很多肌肉。通常背部较短的马比背部长的马更为强壮。
The back is the area that extends between the withers and the loins. Beneath the surface of the skin are the upright ‘fins’ of the vertebrae. Along either side are many muscles. Relative to body size a short back is stronger for riding than a horse with a long back.
造成马脊椎前弯的原因可能是遗传、年龄大或不当的骑乘。
Swaybacks (lordosis) can be genetic, caused by old age, or caused by improper riding.
腹部（barrel）：马腹部位于备马拉肚带的位置以后，胁腹以前。图中母马肚子较大是因为多次怀孕的缘故。
The barrel is the area behind the girth area to the flank. Beneath is the ribcage that surrounds the horses vital organs. On the mare in the photo, the barrel is distended from repeatedly carrying foals.
腰部（loins）：腰部位于鞍子后方，胁腹上方。
The loins are are area just behind where the saddle sits, above the flanks. This rooster is perched just behind the loin area.
胁腹（flanks）：腹部后面的区域为肋腹，可以通过观察胁腹的浮动观察马呼吸的频率。如果马胁腹向里凹陷证明马脱水，这就要求人们在冬季和夏季一定及时给马供给干净的饮用水。
The slightly indented area behind the area of the barrel is the flank. This is the area you watch to count your horse’s respiration. If the flank appears unusually sunken this can mean your horse is dehydrated. Always have fresh clean water available for your horse summer and winter.
胫部（Gaskin）：胫部为马的后肢膝关节和跗关节之间的部位，肌肉相当发达。胫部由胫骨和腓骨组成，等同于人的小腿。
The gaskin is the muscular area between the stifle and the hock. The underlying bones are the tibia and the smaller fibula which are equivalent to our calf and shin bones.
后腿膝关节（Stifle）：膝关节位于马髋部（股骨）和胫部之间，马的膝关节类似于人类的膝关节。
Underlying the stifle area is the stifle joint formed between the large hip bone (femur) which is equivalent to our thigh bone and the tibia. The stifle joint somewhat resembles a human knee. =
飞节（hock）：飞节是马后腿上最大的一个关节，它由多个小骨头组成，其跟骨（Os Calsis） 最为突出，因为它使飞节呈一个弯曲的角度。飞节支持了整条后腿，所以它的健康强壮对马非常重要。
The hock joint is the largest joint on the horses hind legs. The joint is made of several small bones, the most prominent being the Os Calsis which gives the hock its angular shape. The strength of the hocks is very important as this is the most active joint in the horse’s hind legs.
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后肢骨（Hind Canon Bone）：后肢骨是位于踝关节与球节之间的跖骨，与人类的脚包括脚趾的骨头相似。
The hind or rear cannon bones are the metatarsals and run between the hock joint and the fetlock. These bones are similar to the bones in your foot, excluding your toes.
臀部（croup/ rump）：臀部是从后肢最高点到尾巴的区域。
The croup is the area from the highest point of the hindquarters to top of the tail.
尾巴根（dock）：尾巴根，顾名思义是尾巴的根部。马尾总是自然下垂，你是不是认为马尾上没有骨头支持？？其实在马尾巴根部也有部分肌肉和从脊椎骨眼神下来的几段骨头。
The area at the top of the tail is called the dock. Below the skin are muscles and the extension of the vertebrae from the spine.
尾巴（tail）：尾巴是由脊椎骨继续延长，由15个小椎骨构成。尾巴根和尾巴上的肌肉使尾巴可以自由移动来表达马的心情、保持平衡和驱赶虫子。
The tail is an extension of the spine. There are about 15 small vertebrae that make up the bone structure of the tail. The muscles through the dock and tail make the tail very mobile for both expressing mood, balancing, and swishing away insects.
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