考点01名词
高考频度：★★★★☆
【命题解读】
名词是历年高考的重要考点，常常出现在完形填空、语法填空和短文改错题型中。名词部分主要考查：
①名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配
②名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）
③名词的所有格
④抽象名词的具体化
⑤名词和冠词的搭配
【命题预测】
语法填空对名词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点，主要集中在给出词根进行此类转化，根据习惯用法或固定短语确定名词，名词的复数形式，所有格形式的变化。
【名师指导】
1. 整体把握，注意语境
从近年高考试题看，高考语法填空对名词的考查离不开具体的语境，在语境中考查名词的相关知识。做题时，既要全面、整体地看题干，还要注意分析句子成分，并根据提示词来确定名词的相关考点。通常，涉及名词考点的试题包括：
（1）根据语境判断名词的单复数；
（2）提示词是形容词、动词等此类，根据句子成分和词缀知识加上相应的后缀变成名词；
（3）名词的固定搭配；
（4）名词的所有格及名词的其他相关知识
2. 确定考点，注意搭配
语法填空对名词的考查涉及名词各方面的知识，解题时要注意首先根据提示信息确定考点，试题是考查名词的词类转换，还是考查复数名词、名词的所有格、名词的固定搭配等，确定了考点之后，再结合其他相关知识来做出正确解答。
3. 多记单词，积累词缀
高考对名词的考查注重基础，我们在平时的复习中要打好基础，掌握足够的考纲词汇，并熟知其常见搭配和用法，并注意熟练掌握常用的名词词缀知识。
4. 巧用就近原则
当主语是由or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also连接的并列成分时以及在there be句型中，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则。
考向一 可数名词的复数
(1)规则变化
情况
方法
例词
一般情况
加－s
students，teachers，doc tors，tables
以s，x，ch，sh结尾
加－es
glasses，dishes，boxes，watches但stomach复数形式直接加s，即stomachs
以辅音字母＋y结尾
变y为i再加－es
families，babies，armies，bodies
以元音字母＋y结尾
加－s
boys，toys，pianos，photos
以f或fe结尾
大都变f或fe为v，再加－es
thieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives
少数加－s
beliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs
以o结尾
通常加－s
radios，videos，zoos，tobaccos
有的加－es
heroes，potatoes，tomatoes
【名师点睛】
①以－o结尾的下列名词要加－es，它们是＂黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿＂，即Negroes，heroes，echoes，
potatoes，tomatoes。
但下列以－o结尾的名词既可以加－es，也可以加－s，它们是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos (mosquitoes)
蚊子，volcanos(volcanoes)火山。
②以－f或－fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉，加－ves，它们是＂为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手
里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半＂，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves，
wolves，halves。
但下列以－f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加－ves，也可以直接加－s，如：handkerchiefs(handkerchieves) 手帕。
③名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man 或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman doctor→women doctors
(2)不规则变化
①自身有特殊变化的名词
child孩子→children man男人→men tooth牙→teeth
foot脚，英尺→feet mouse老鼠→mice phenomenon现象→phenomena
medium传播媒介→media
②常见单复数同形的名词：
Chinese中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。 其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。
☞Some deer are eating grass at the bottom of the hill.
☞Every possible means has been tried, but none has worked.
③合成名词的复数形式：
son-in-law →sons-in-law passer-by →passers-by story-teller →story-tellers
【名师点睛】
名词+名词时，仅将后面的名词变复数：girls tudent → girl students 但是man/woman+名词时，前后都要变为复数：
woman singer → women singers
1.（2020·江苏卷）The health security systems of many countries are undergoing considerable ______.
A.reservation B.transformation C.distinction D.submission
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多国家的卫生安全系统正在经历重大变革。A. reservation预订；B. transformation改革，变革；C. distinction区别；D. submission提交。根据前文The health security systems可知，此处指卫生安全系统的变革。故选B。
2.（2019 • 江苏卷）Nowadays the ___________ for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery.
A.priority B. potential C proportion D.pension
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：当今，旅行的重点从购物转变成了品尝美食和欣赏风景。A.priority优先；优先权；B.potential潜在的，可能的；C.proportion比例，占比；D.pension退休金，抚恤金。故选A。
3.（2019·天津卷）We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) ___________on our lives in many ways.
A. statement B.impact
C. impression D.judgment
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们能够看到人工智能在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生了强烈的影响。statement＂陈述说明＂；impact＂强烈的影响，冲击力＂；impression＂印象，感想＂；judgement
＂判断力判断＂。故选B。
4.（2018·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 201466that/whichshowed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all67(cause).
【答案】causes
【解析】考查单复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填causes。
5.（2018·全国新课标卷I·短文改错）Last winter when I wenthere（改为there）again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.
【答案】chicken改为chickens
【解析】考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens of可知，其后用名词复数形式。
6.（2018·全国新课标卷Ⅱ·短文改错）After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.
【答案】sort改为sorts
【解析】sort在此意为＂种类＂，是可数名词，和all搭配时用复数形式。故将sort改为sorts.
7.（2017·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界）as
a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side62(effect) such as overweight and
heartdisease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
【答案】effects
【解析】考查单复数。分析语境可知作者表达的意思是＂一些不为人知的副作用＂，根据前文的some可知＂side effect＂(副作用)有很多，故填effects。
考向二 不可数名词
(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice建议， furniture家具， fun乐趣；information信息，news新闻， weather天气，progress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。
(2)不可数名词具体化
①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：
单词
抽象名词意义
具体化名词意义
success
成功
成功的人或事
pleasure
乐趣
令人高兴的事
beauty
美；美丽
美丽的人或事物
comfort
安慰；慰藉
令人感到安慰的人或事物
danger
危险
危险的人或因素
delight
高兴
令人高兴的事
failure
失败
失败的人或事物
surprise
惊奇
令人惊奇的事情
shock
震惊
令人震惊的事情
pride
骄傲
令人骄傲的事情
Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。
②物质名词具体化
drink饮料→two drinks 两杯饮料 coffee咖啡→a coffee一杯咖啡 chalk粉笔→a chalk一支粉笔 hair 头发→a hair 一根头发
③抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：
Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。
1.（2020·天津卷）His vivid descriptions of country life quickly became popular, which established his _____________as one of Americas greatest writers.
A.trust B.contactC.reputation D.theory
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他对乡村生活的生动描述迅速流行起来，这树立了他作为美国伟大作家之一的声誉。A. trust信任；B. contact联系；C. reputation声誉；D. theory理论。根据句意，尤其是greatest writers可知此处用reputation声誉符合语境，故选C项。
2. She has gained many unforgettable _____about animals when _____ in the forest doing research.
A. experiences; stayed B.experiences; staying
C. experience;stayed D.experience; staying
【答案】B
【解析】根据句意可知，experience在这里表示经历，因此为可数名词，所以排除C项和D项。When引导的从句其实是when she is staying in the forest doing research.当主句主语和从句主语一致，并且从句中有系动词时，可以把从句中的主语连同系动词一起省略，故用staying。所以B项正确。句意：当停留在森林里做研究时，她已经获得了许多关于动物的难忘的经历。
考向三 名词所有格
(1)-’s所有格
①用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加－’s 或’；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加－’s或’。
Tom’s and Jim’s rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。
Tom and Jim’s room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。
②表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
at the barber’s在理发店
at the teacher’s在老师办公室
(2)of所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
the content of the novel小说的内容
the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字
(3)双重所有格
指＂名词＋of＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋of＋名词性物主代词＂。
a play of Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)
a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)
1.（2018·全国新课标卷II·短文改错）When I was little, Friday’s night was our family game night.
【答案】Friday’s改为Friday。
【解析】考查名词的格。名词作定语，往往表明被修饰名词的时间、地点、类别、目的或用途、材料或来源等。名词所有格作定语则强调与被修饰的词的所有关系或表示逻辑上的谓语关系。此处表示＂星期五晚上＂，并不是所有关系，故把Friday’s改为Friday。
2. The village is far away from here indeed. It’s _________ walk.
A. a four hour B. a four hour’s C. a four-hours D. a four hours’
【答案】D
【解析】’s属格除了用在表示有生命的东西（人或物）的名词后，有时还用于某些无生命的名词（如表示时间的名词）后，一般是在名词词尾加’s，如果该名词词尾已有-s或-es，则是在其后加"‘ "。故选D。
考向四 名词的语法功能
1.作主语
The young woman played an important part in the matter. 那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。
His grandpa joined the Red Army at the age of fifteen. 他爷爷十五岁时参加红军。
2.作宾语
（1）作及物动词的直接宾语
I met your elder brother in the street。我在街上碰见你哥哥了。
Have you finished the letter to Jane?你写完给珍的信了吗？
（2）作及物动词的间接宾语。
I told my students a funny story. 我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。
She asked the doctor another question. 她问了医生另一个问题。
（3）作介词的宾语。
After 20 years’ traveling, he settled down in Liangxiang. 二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。
Do you still ask your parents for money?你还向爸妈要钱吗？
3.作表语
It’s a good idea to plant trees here . 在这里栽些树是个好主意。
She is now a professor while her husband remains a worker. 她现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人。
4.作宾语的补足语
They elected Tom head of the workshop. 他们推选汤姆当车间的头。（职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词）
The old man called my uncle Xiao Li. 老人喊我叔叔小李。
5.作定语
（1）直接作定语, 通常用单数形式。
college students大学生 girlfriend女友vegetable garden菜园basketball match篮球赛
Let’s stop by the book store on the way home.回家的路上，我们在书店旁边停一下吧！
He bought the shoes in that shoe shop. 这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。
（2）名词所有格作定语。
students’ books学生用书
China’s capital中国的首都
the world’s population世界人口
（3）man，woman，gentleman作定语
man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。
He said that two women doctors would come to our village the next day. 他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。
There are many men teachers in our school. 我们学校有很多男教师。
（4）某些常用复数的名词用作定语
某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。
arms production 武器生产clothes shop服装商店sales department营业部 a goods train货车
savings bank 储蓄所 foreign languages department外语系
（5）单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。
Learning Skills center学习技巧交流中心 The Boys Club 男孩俱乐部
（6）表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。
a peasant family/boy (peasant习惯直接作定语) a worker’s family (worker习惯用所有格作定语)
（7）两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。
women drivers女司机 the woman’s driver这位妇女的司机
girlfriend女朋友 the girl’s friend 这女孩的朋友
mother tongue母语mother’s tongue母亲的舌头
（8）名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性
gold watch 金表 (指手表是含金的) golden watch 金色的表 (指表是金色的，但不一定含金)
6.作状语
时间名词、数量名词、距离名词等有时可以作状语。
The soldiers walked 50 kilometers at a night. 战士们一夜行军五十公里
Your suitcase weighs 10 kilograms. 你的手提箱重10千克。
题组一 基础过关
1. They have a 22:00 ___________.That is, they have to be in their dorm by 22:00 on school nights.
A. limit B. entry C.schedule D. block
2. To allow all students ___________ to education, China has to increase education spending to 4.5 percent of GDP.
A. access B. level C. account D. commitment
3. It is believed that very little ___________ has been made of the waste materials from factories in the past decades, which on the contrary has brought pollution to the environment.
A. cost B. use C.value D.action
4. England is a multicultural society and welcomes a variety of cultures which add a__________ to our daily lives.
A. collision B. dimension C.dilemma D. privilege
5. Lots of campaigns have occurred in China to defend the Nansha Islands recently. What is your _________ of the
situation?
A. intention B. assessment C.attitude D. appointment
6.So far as I know, a number of the students in our school___________ from the suburb and the number of them ___________ 500.
A. come；is B. comes；are C. comes；is D. come；are
7.The teacher along with her students ___________ the Palace Museum when we came across her.
A. were visiting B.was visiting
C. has visited D.have visited
8.The teacher, ___________ several students, ___________ discussing the problem.
A. together with；is B.as well as；are
C. and；is D.along with；are
9. Not only his parents but also his elder brother ___________ to the Summer Palace. They haven’t been back yet.
A. have been B.have gone
C. has been D.has gone
10. About ___________ of his spare time___________ spent in reading.
A. third-fifths；are B.three-fifths；is
C. three-fives；are D.three-fifth；is
题组二 能力提升
语篇填空
Do you like traveling? Would you like to tell me if you1(offer)the opportunity to visit a new country and stay with a family?2the idea of taking a language exchange trip to a different country can be3(frighten)at first, it offers a great opportunity to improve your foreign language. You also have the chance to experience the life in4new and exciting place. Living with a local family is often the5(good)way to understand a different culture. Staying in a hotel with other touristsis different. If you choose to live with a family, you will be able to practice your foreign language all day. Besides, the family will be friendly and make you6(feel) at home. You will know all the best7(place)in that country. Perhaps the most important reason to take part in a language exchange program8(be) that even when you are back to your country, being able to chat with them over the Internet is a great way to keep9your foreign language.10(hope), the above will help you to put aside your worries and start your trip.
题组三体验真题
1.（2020·新课标II卷·语法填空）Chinese New Year is a61(celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.
2.（2019·新课标II卷·短文改错）Since I was a kid, I’ve considered different job I would like to do.
3.（2018·天津卷·单项填空）The__________that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.
A.advice B. order
C.possibility D. invitation
4.（2018·江苏）Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the__________you’ve made.
A. assignment B.association
C. acquisition D.assumption
5.（2017·江苏）The publication ofGreat Expectations,which____________ both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens, status as a leading novelist.
A. is B. are C.was D.were
6.（2017·天津）Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, ___________ as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
A. regard B.is regarded
C. are regarded D.regards
7.（2016·天津）The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight__________ of rain later tonight.
A. effect B.sense C. change D. chance
8.（2016·江苏）— Can you tell us your________ for happiness and a long life?
— Living every day to the full, definitely.
A. recipe B. record C. range D.receipt
9.（2015·湖北）When he was running after his brother, the boy lost his ___ and had a bad fall.
A. balance B .chance C.memory D .place
10.（2015·湖北）He gave himself a new name to hide his ____ when he went to carry out the secret task.
A. emotion B. talent C.identity D. treasure
11.（2015·安徽）There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some ______ and then let me know.
A. thought B. support C.protection D. authority
12.（2015·江苏）—Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave.
—I’d like to, but I’m afraid she won’t be happy with my __________.
A.requests B. excuses C.apologies D. regrets
13.（2015·江苏）Some schools will have to make __________ in agreement with the national soccer reform.
A.judgments B. adjustments C.comments D. achievements
14.（2015·福建）The failure was a big __________ to him, but he wasn’t discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.
A. blow B. issue C.excuse D.Factor
15.（2015·浙江）One of the most effective ways to reduce __________ is to talk about feeling with someone youtrust.
A. production B. stress C.energy D. passive
同学们加油
明天晚上公布答案哦
