土耳其里拉(Turkish Lira/Turkish New Lira,又称土耳其镑Turkish Pound 原符号:£T. (TL.) 标准符号:TRL ISO 4217现行通用三位字母代码:TRY)
土耳其里拉——跃居金氏纪录最不值钱货币
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土耳其里拉也称镑(Pound),由土耳其共和国中央银行 (The CentraI Bank of the Republicof Turkey)发行。
土耳其史称突厥。14世纪初建立奥斯曼帝国,20世纪沦为英、法、德等国的半殖民地,1923年10月29日成立土耳其共和国。1840年土耳其帝国第一次发行了500库鲁手绘利息为12.5%的票据,同年第二次发行的面额有1000、500、250、100和50库鲁。第三次发行是1841年和 1843年。第四次是1851年发行的、利息为6%的票据,面额有10000、5000、2000、1000、250、100和50库鲁。从1840年到1861年共发行过8次。土耳其帝国银行依据1862年2月6日、1912年3月30日、1912年12月16日、1912年12月22日、1913年3 月2比1913年8月6比1913年2月4日、1914年3月28日和1915年3月28日等法令发行过钞票。如1933年,曾发行过面额为100、 50、5和1镑钞票。土耳其共和国成立后,于1926年发行过面额为1000、500、100、50、10、5和1里拉钞票。土耳其中央银行(Tukiye CumhriyetMer Bankasi)发行第一版钞是依据1930年1月30日中央银行法,于1937年至1942年发行的。面额有1000、500、100、50、10、5、2.5和1里拉和50库鲁钞票。第二版钞是1942年至1947年发行的,面额有1000、500、 100、50、10、2.5里拉;第三次发行是1947年和1948年,面值为100和10里拉;第四次是1952年至1968年,第五次发行是在 1966年和1968年;第六次发钞是1971年至1981年,面额有5000、1000、500、100、20、10和5里拉;第七次发行是1984年至1989年,面额有50000、20000、10000、5000、1000、500、100、10里拉。1991年发行了100000里拉钞票。
1947年6月3日,初次规定土耳其里拉含金量为0.317382克,同年6月19日起生效。法定汇率为 2.80里拉等于1美元,11.28里拉等于1英镑。1960年8月20日,里拉含金量减至0.0987412克,法定汇率为9里拉等于1美元, 25.20里拉等于1英镑。1970年8月9日,里拉含金量减至0.0592447克,法定汇率随之变动。1972年6月23日,英镑浮动后,土耳其里拉兑英镑汇率随时调整。1975年7月8日起,对美元贬为14.25里拉等于1美元,并实行自由浮动,但仍以美元作为干预货币,对其他主要货币,随时根据美元汇率进行调整。1986年10月31日,官方规定里拉的买卖差价为0.5%。里拉兑美元的汇率由土耳其共和国中央银行根据每日外汇市场行情确定,兑其它货币的比价则由外汇市场美元兑其它货币汇率套算确定。
2001年初土耳其央行曾计划发行新的纸币,新币的面额1土耳其里拉相当于原来的100万土耳其里拉。央行总裁森丹杰契提却表示,惟有在通货膨胀率降至一位数以下时,央行才会考虑这样做。但2001年9月以来,土耳其通货膨胀率已超过70%,因此上述想法只能作罢。
2001年11月11日土耳其中央银行宣布,市场上面额1000万的土耳其里拉钞票流通率已超过80%,央行决定在11月底之前发行面额2000万土耳其里拉的钞票,它成为全球面额最大的钞票。以汇率1美元兑160万土耳其里拉计算,2000万土耳其里拉,约合12.5美元。领取最低工资的土耳其工人,每月可领到7张2000万土耳其里拉的纸币。
据2001年金氏纪录大全记载,土耳其里拉是全世界“最不值钱的货币”,以2000年5月份世界各国的币值比较,1美元等于61万5千土耳其里拉,台币1元约等于2万土耳其里拉。
2004年10月25日土耳其中央银行首次向公众公开了于2004年12月正式发行的新货币——“新土耳其里拉”纸币。
新货币包括“1新土耳其里拉”、“2新土耳其里拉”、“5新土耳其里拉”、“10新土耳其里拉”、“20新土耳其里拉”、“50新土耳其里 拉”和“100新土耳其里拉”纸币。新币正面均印有土耳其国父穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克的肖像,背面画像各不相同,颜色也不一样。土耳其还将发行1、2、5、10、25、50小货币单位的“库鲁什”硬币。
土耳其大国民议会2004年早些时候通过了一项法案,同意财政部于2005年1月1日起开始流通“新土耳其里拉”,以取代现在的“土耳其里拉”。“1新土耳其里拉”等于现在的“100万土耳其里拉”。 而面值100的新“库鲁什”硬币相当于“1新土耳其里拉”。
根据有关规定,“新土耳其里拉”于2005年1月1日开始使用。新旧土耳其里拉过渡到2005年12月31日为止。随后,旧土耳其里拉停止使用。
纸币有:100000、50000、20000、10000、500、1000里拉
新货币包括:1、2、5、10、20、50和“100新土耳其里拉”
铸币有:100、50、25、 20、10、5、1里拉和1、 2、5、10、25、50小货币单位的“库鲁什”
1里拉等于100库鲁(Kurus)。
1土耳其里拉 = 5.73048622 × 10-6 人民币
Old Turkish Lira
Up until 2005 the Turkish currency was the Turkish lira or in Turkish; Türk lirası, it was often referred to as just lira but almost always referred to as the Turkish lira outside Turkey, to avoid confusion with the better-known former Italian lira. Prices in Turkey is old lira were usually written using the abbreviation TL, which preceded the price, The ISO 4217 code for the old Turkish lira was TRL.
The gold lira was introduced in 1843, weighing 7.216 g with a fineness of 91.67%, that is, 6.6 g of gold. In a bimetallic system, it was defined as equal in value to 100 silver kuruş of 1 g of silver (1.2027 g at 83%), first minted in 1844, at a ratio of 15.09. Each kuruş was divided into 40 para. There were 5, 10, and 20 kuruş coins; the 20-kuruş coin was called a mecidiye. All coinage minted until 1922 followed these standards.
Before the lira, the monetary unit used by the Ottoman Empire was first the akçe, later to be replaced by the kuruş (piastre), with the para as a subunit (1 para being equal to 3 akçe, thus 1 kuruş equal to 120 akçe). Having begun as a large silver coin, by the late 1800s the kurus had shrunk to a small silver coin.
The Banque Imperiale Ottomane (Imperial Ottoman Bank) first issued paper currency denominated in kuruş, with values ranging from 5 to 5000 kurus. The denomination switched from kuruş to lira in the mid 1870s. Denominations ranged from 5 kuruş to 1000 lira, with the 50,000-lira banknote specially prepared to fund the issue of small change (1- and 2½-kurus) notes.
World War I saw Turkey effectively depart from the gold standard with the gold lira being worth about nine lira in paper money by the early 1920s.
The Turkish Republic replaced the older imperial Ottoman paper liras with the Turkish lira being reissued as a mid size silver coin. Turkish lira notes were also introduced in denominations of 1, 2½, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 lira. Each note carried the portrait of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
After Atatürk's death in 1938, new notes were prepared with the portrait of President İsmet İnönü. Atatürk reappeared on a subsequent series of notes in the early 1950s.
Chronic inflation from the late 1970s onward saw the Turkish lira sharply depreciate against other major currencies. The table below gives a snapshot of the decline in the value of the Turkish lira against the United States Dollar from 1933 through 2001.
YEAR Turkish Lira vs. US Dollar
1933 2 Turkish Lira
1966 9 Turkish Lira
1980 90 Turkish Lira
1988 1,300 Turkish Lira
1995 45,000 Turkish Lira
2001 1,650,000 Turkish Lira
The Turkish lira slid in value to such an extent that one original gold lira coin could be sold for approximately 120,000,000 Turkish lira prior to the 2005 revaluation.
In its last few years the Turkish lira stabilized and even rose against the U.S. dollar and the Euro. In December 2004, it traded at about 1,350,000 lira to 1 U.S. dollar, and about 1,850,000 lira per Euro. The Guinness Book of Records ranked the Turkish lira as the world's least valuable currency.
New Turkish Lira "Yeni Türk Lirası"
The new Turkish lira is the current currency of Turkey and of the de facto state of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Introduced on 1 January 2005, it is equivalent to 1,000,000 old Turkish lira. New banknotes were issued denominated in New Turkish Lira, the old banknotes circulated alongside the new currency for all of 2005. Old Turkish lira banknotes were legal tender until the end of 2005, and may be exchanged at the Central Bank until the end of 2015. The new Turkish lira is divided into 100 new kuruş. The ISO 4217 code for the new Turkish lira is TRY. Prices are expressed using the abbreviation YTL, which short for "Yeni Türk Lirası", Turkish for "New Turkish Lira"
Banknotes are currently issued in denominations of 1 YTL, 5 YTL, 10 YTL, 20 YTL, 50 YTL and 100 YTL. The Bank of Turkey has indicated that it has plans to issue a new 200 YTL banknote, although the new denomination is not expected for a couple of years. It is also planned to drop the word "New" from the currency name in 2009.
Coins currently in circulation come in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 new kuruş, and 1 YTL. The design of the 50 kuruş and 1 lira coins, much to the dismay of the European Central Bank, clearly resembles that of the one and two euro coins respectively. This has caused confusion in the euro zone. Also, it has caused trouble to businesses using vending machines, particularly at airports in the euro zone. Since numerous vending machines at the time accepted the 1 lira coin as a two euro coin, vending machines affected had to be quickly upgraded at the expense of the operators. Two euros is worth roughly four times more then a 1 lira coin.
Banknotes denominated in New Turkish Lira (2005 - Present)
The new Turkish lira is the current currency of Turkey and of the de facto state of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Introduced on 1 January 2005, it is equivalent to 1,000,000 old Turkish lira, which remained legal tender until the end of 2005, the new Turkish lira is divided into 100 new kuruş.